Alexander cummings biography scotland

Scottish watchmaker and inventor (1733–1814) ( hat die toilette erfunden)

This article is about the inventor. For the Australian analytical chemist, see Alexander Charles Cumming.

For the Scottish politician, see Sir Alexander Cumming, 1st Baronet.

Alexander cummings biography scotland wikipedia

For the governor of Colorado, see Alexander Cummings (territorial governor). For the Liberian politician, see Alexander B. Cummings Jr.

Alexander CummingFRSE (sometimes referred to as Alexander Cummings; 1733 – 8 March 1814)^[1] was a Scottish watchmaker and instrument inventor, who was the first to patent a design of the flush toilet in 1775, which had been pioneered by Sir John Harington, but without solving the problem of foul smells.

As well as improving the flush mechanism, Cummings included an S-trap (or bend) to retain water permanently within the waste pipe, thus preventing sewer gases from entering buildings.^[2][3] Most modern flush toilets still include a similar trap.

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